Anahtar Kelimeler
siber
envanter
geçerlilik
güvenirlik
Öz
Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, Grubbs ve arkadaşları tarafından geliştirilen Siber Pornografi Kullanım Envanteri-9’un (SPKE-9) Türkçe formunun dil eşdeğerliği, geçerlilik ve güvenirliğinin incelenmesidir.
Yöntem: SPKE-9 Türkiye genelinde 4390 kişiden oluşan bir çalışma grubuna uygulanmıştır. Envanter “Kesinlikle Katılmıyorum” ile “Kesinlikle Katılıyorum” aralığında yedili likert tipinde derecelendirilmekte ve bireylerin siber porno kullanım seviyesini ölçmektedir. SPKE-9’un İngilizce ve Türkçe formu arasındaki uyumu incelemek için yapılan Pearson korelasyon katsayıları sonucunda pozitif ve anlamlı değerlere ulaşılmıştır.
Bulgular: Orijinali 3 faktörden oluşan envanterin yapı geçerliliğini sağlamak için yapılan faktör analizi sonucunda Türkçe formunda da aynı yapının geçerli ortaya çıkmıştır. Birinci faktör olan “Algılanan Zorlanma” varyansın %47,57’sini, ikinci faktör olan “Duygusal Sıkıntı” varyansın %24,23’ünü, üçüncü faktör olan “Erişim Çabaları” varyansın %10,72’sini açıklamaktadır. Toplam 9 maddeden oluşan üç faktörlü yapı toplam varyansın %82,53’ünü açıklamıştır. Ayrıca yapılan doğrulayıcı faktör analizinde üç faktör SPKE-9’u doğrulanmıştır. Uyum iyiliği değerleri kabul edilebilir bulunmuştur (Ki-kare/serbestlik değeri: 3,97; RMSEA: 0,08; NFI: 0,95; NNFI: 0,93; CFI: 0,96; GFI:0,94; AGFI: 0,90). Ölçeğin iç tutarlılık katsayısı Cronbach Alfa değeri 0,84 bulunmuştur.
Sonuç: “Siber Pornografi Kullanım Envanteri-9” (SPKE-9) Türkçe formunun geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olarak kullanılabileceği bulunmuştur.
Referanslar
Hald GM, Malamuth NM. Self-perceived effects of pornography consumption. Arch Sex Behav 2008; 37(4): 614– 625.
Griffiths MD. Internet sex addiction: A review of empirical research. Addict Res Theory 2012; 20(2): 111–124.
Wysocki DK. Cybersex, computer sex addiction, and cyberpornography. In Bryant C (editor). The Routledge Handbook of Deviant Behavior, New York: Routledge, 2011: 291–295.
Cooper A, Delmonico DL, Burg R. Cybersex users, abusers, and compulsives: New findings and implications. Sex Addict Compulsivity 2000; 7(1-2): 5–29.
Layden MA. Pornography and violence: A new look at the research. In Stoner JR, Hughes DM (editors). The Social Costs of Pornography: A Collection of Papers. Princeton, NJ: Witherspoon Institute, 2010: 57–68.
Paul P. From pornography to Porno to porn: How porn became the norm. In Stoner JR, Hughes DM (editors). The Social Costs of Pornography: A Collection of Papers. Princeton, NJ: Witherspoon Institute, 2022: 3–20.
McKee A. The positive and negative effects of pornography as attributed by consumers. Australian Journal of Communication 2007; 34(1): 87–104.
Spitznagel E. Where the filthy things are. https://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/web/a29623446/pornhub-porn-data-storage/ (Accessed 01.03.2023).
Zattoni F, Gül M, Soligo M, et al. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on pornography habits: a global analysis of Google Trends. Int J Impot Res 2020; 33(8): 824–831.
Gaspar MJ, Carvalheira A. The consumption of pornography on the internet in a sample of Portuguese women. Psychol Community Health 2012; 1(2): 163–171.
Landripet I, Štulhofer A. Is pornography use associated with sexual difficulties and dysfunctions among younger heterosexual men? J Sex Med 2015; 12(5): 1136–1139.
Ünübol H, Sayar GH. TURBAHAR- Türkiye Bağımlılık Risk Profili ve Ruh Sağlığı Haritası Proje Sonuç Raporu. İstanbul: Üsküdar Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2019: 150-157.
Daneback K, Traeen B, Månsson SA. Use of pornography in a random sample of Norwegian heterosexual couples. Arch Sex Behav 2009; 38(5): 746–753.
Kohut T, Fisher WA, Campbell L. Perceived effects of pornography on the couple relationship: initial findings of open-ended, participant-informed, “bottom-up” research. Arch Sex Behav 2017; 46(2): 585–602.
Wright PJ, Tokunaga RS. Men’s objectifying media consumption, objectification of women, and attitudes supportive of violence against women. Arch Sex Behav 2016; 45(4): 955–964.
Bonino S, Ciairano S, Rabaglietti E, Cattelino E. Use of pornography and self-reported engagement in sexual violence among adolescents. Eur J Dev Psychol 2006; 3(3): 265–288.
Manning JC. The impact of internet pornography on marriage and the family: A review of the research. Sex Addict Compulsivity 2006; 13(2-3): 131–165.
Morgan EM. Associations between young adults’ use of sexually explicit materials and their sexual preferences, behaviors, and satisfaction. J Sex Res 2011; 48(6): 520–530.
Allen A, Kannis-Dymand L, Katsikitis M. Problematic internet pornography use: The role of craving, desire thinking, and metacognition. Addict Behav 2017; 70: 65–71.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, 5th edition (DSM-5).Washington DC: American Psychiatric Assocaition, 2013.
Grubbs JB, Exline JJ, Pargament KI, et al. Internet pornography use, perceived addiction, and religious/spiritual struggles. Arch Sex Behav 2017; 46(6): 1733–1745.
Kafka MP. Hypersexual disorder: a proposed diagnosis for DSM-V. Arch Sex Behav 2010; 39(2): 377–400.
Cavaglion G. Cyber-porn dependence: voices of distress in an Italian internet self-help community. Int J Ment Health Addict 2009; 7(2): 295–310.
Grubbs JB, Sessoms J, Wheeler DM, Volk F. The Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory: The development of a new assessment instrument. Sex Addict Compulsivity 2010; 17(2): 106–126.
Grubbs JB, Wilt JA, Exline JJ, et al. Moral disapproval and perceived addiction to internet pornography: a longitudinal examination. Addiction 2018; 113(3): 496–506.
Grubbs JB, Exline JJ, Pargament KI, et al. Transgression as addiction: religiosity and moral disapproval as predictors of perceived addiction to pornography. Arch Sex Behav 2015; 44(1): 125–136.
Balon R, Briken P. Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder: Understanding, Assessment, and Treatment. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2021.
Kafka MP. The development and evolution of the criteria for a newly proposed diagnosis for DSM-5: Hypersexual disorder. Sex Addict Compulsivity 2013; 20(1-2): 19–26.
Karila L, Wéry A, Weinstein A, et al. Sexual addiction or hypersexual disorder: different terms for the same problem? A review of the literature. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 20(25): 4012–4020.
Andreassen CS, Pallesen S, Griffiths MD, et al. The development and validation of the Bergen–Yale Sex Addiction Scale with a large national sample. Front Psychol 2018; 9: 144.
Reid RC, Carpenter BN, Draper ED, Manning JC. Exploring psychopathology, personality traits, and marital distress among women married to hypersexual men. J Couple Relatsh Ther 2010; 9(3): 203–222.
Spenhoff M, Kruger THC, Hartmann U, Kobs J. Hypersexual behavior in an online sample of males: associations with personal distress and functional impairment. J Sex Med 2013; 10(12): 2996–3005.
Carnes P, Green B, Carnes S. The same yet different: refocusing the sexual addiction screening test (sast) to reflect orientation and gender. Sex Addict Compulsivity 2010; 17(1): 7–30.
Coleman E, Miner M, Ohlerking F, Raymond N. Compulsive sexual behavior inventory: a preliminary study of reliability and validity. J Sex Marital Ther 2001; 27(4): 325–332.
Delmonico DL, Bubenzer DL, West JD. Assessing sexual addiction with the sexual dependency inventory-revised. Sex Addict Compulsivity 1998; 5(3): 179–187.
Raymond NC, Lloyd MD, Miner MH, Kim SW. Preliminary report on the development and validation of the Sexual Symptom Assessment Scale. Sex Addict Compulsivity 2007; 14(2): 119–129.
Hook JN, Hook JP, Davis DE, et al. Measuring sexual addiction and compulsivity: a critical review of instruments. J Sex Marital Ther 2010; 36(3): 227–260.
Kircaburun K, Ünübol H, Sayar GH, et al. Sex addiction in Turkey: A large-scale survey with a national community sample. Curr Psychol 2021; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01632-8.
Bőthe B, Potenza MN, Griffiths MD, et al. The development of the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder Scale (CSBD-19): An ICD-11 based screening measure across three languages. J Behav Addict 2020; 9(2): 247–258.
Bőthe B, Kovács M, Tóth-Király I, et al. The psychometric properties of the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory using a large-scale nonclinical sample. J Sex Res 2019; 56(2): 180–190.
Akın A, Çelik E. Cinsel Kompülsiyon Ölçeği’nin uyarlanması. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences 2015; 14(3): 617–629.
Ballester-Arnal R, Gómez-Martínez S, Llario MD-G, Salmerón-Sánchez P. Sexual compulsivity scale: adaptation and validation in the Spanish population. J Sex Marital Ther 2013; 39(6): 526–540.
Aktuğ B. Pornografi Kullanımının Etkisi Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kıbrıs: Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2018.
Duffy A, Dawson DL, das Nair R. Pornography addiction in adults: a systematic review of definitions and reported impact. J Sex Med 2016; 13(5): 760–777.
Grubbs JB, Volk F, Exline JJ, Pargament KI. Internet pornography use: perceived addiction, psychological distress, and the validation of a brief measure. J Sex Marital Ther 2015; 41(1): 83–106.
Merriam-Webster. Definition of cyber. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cyber (Accessed 01.03.2023).
Emond B, West RL. Cyberpsychology: a human-interaction perspective based on cognitive modeling. Cyberpsychol Behav 2003; 6(5): 527–536.
Lozano-Blasco R, Quilez-Robres A, Latorre-Cosculluela C. Sex, age and cyber-victimization: A meta-analysis. Comput Human Behav 2023; 139: 107491.
Catone G, Senese VP, Pisano S, et al. The drawbacks of Information and Communication Technologies: Interplay and psychopathological risk of nomophobia and cyber-bullying, results from the bullying and youth mental health Naples study (BYMHNS). Comput Human Behav 2020; 113: 106496.
March E. Psychopathy: Cybercrime and cyber abuse. In Marques PB, Paulino M, Alho L (editors). Psychopathy and Criminal Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press: 423–444.
Kalaycı Ş. SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım, 2010.
Preacher KJ, MacCallum RC. Exploratory factor analysis in behavior genetics research: factor recovery with small sample sizes. Behav Genet 2002; 32(2): 153–161.
Tavşancil E. Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS Ile Veri Analizi. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık, 2002: 126-138.
Ergin DY. 1. Ölçeklerde geçerlik ve güvenirlik. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi 1995; 7(7): 125–148.
Balcı A. Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntem, Teknik ve İlkeler. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık, 2020.
Bryman A, Cramer D. Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS for Windows: A Guide for Social Scientists. New York: Routledge, 1997.
Büyüköztürk Ş. Sosyal Bilimler Için Veri Analizi El Kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık, 2018; 001–214.
Hovardaoğlu S, Sezgin N. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme Standartları. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları, 1998.
Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Muller KE. Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods. Boston: PWS-Kent, 1998.
Sharma S. Applied Multivariate Techniques. New York: Wiley, 1996: 445-509.
Tinsley HEA, Tinsley DJ. Uses of factor analysis in counseling psychology research. J Couns Psychol 1987; 34(4): 414–424.
Cardoso J, Ramos C, Almeida T. Portuguese version of the Cyber Pornography Use Inventory-9: Psychometric properties and gender invariance. J Sex Marital Ther 2019; 45(7): 594–603.
Hald GM. Gender differences in pornography consumption among young heterosexual Danish adults. Arch Sex Behav 2006; 35(5): 577–585.
Carroll JS, Padilla-Walker LM, Nelson LJ, et al. Generation XXX: Pornography Acceptance and Use Among Emerging Adults. J Adolesc Res 2008; 23(1): 6–30.
Eljawad MA, Se’eda H, Ghozy S et al. Pornography use prevalence and associated factors in Arab Countries: A multinational cross-sectional study of 15,027 individuals. J Sex Med 2021; 18(3): 539–548.
Malki K, Rahm C, Öberg KG, Ueda P. Frequency of pornography use and sexual health outcomes in sweden: analysis of a National Probability Survey. J Sex Med 2021; 18(10): 1735–1751.
Sallie SN, Ritou VJE, Bowden-Jones H, Voon V. Assessing online gaming and pornography consumption patterns during COVID-19 isolation using an online survey: Highlighting distinct avenues of problematic internet behavior. Addict Behav 2021; 123: 107044.
Moynihan AB, Igou ER, van Tilburg WAP. Pornography consumption as existential escape from boredom. Pers Individ Dif 2022; 198: 111802.
Bőthe B, Tóth-Király I, Griffiths MD, et al9+85. Are sexual functioning problems associated with frequent pornography use and/or problematic pornography use? Results from a large community survey including males and females. Addict Behav 2021; 112: 106603.
Niazof D, Weizman A, Weinstein A. The contribution of ADHD and attachment difficulties to online pornography use among students. Compr Psychiatry 2019; 93: 56–60.
Bu çalışma Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License ile lisanslanmıştır.
Telif Hakkı (c) 2025 Bağımlılık Dergisi