Abstract
Risky behavior such as substance use and how it affects from one’s moral development and ethical values have always been a critical discussion point in literature. Psychoactive or narcotic drug usage mostly has been considered as a public health problem or a security problem for individuals. This paper aims to examine the importance of moral reasoning in drug abuse. The goal is to contribute the psychoactive and narcotic drug abusers’ rehabilitation (individual rehabilitation and treatments) and social integration process by creating a new perspective including how adolescents’ and young adults’ drug abuse affects from their moral developments and how moral theories explain aforesaid problem by examination of literature. According to literature it has been thought which there a high connection between individuals’ moral is reasoning development and risky behaviors such as substance abuse, antisocial behaviors etc. While risky behaviors affect individual directly they have been accepted as a personal preference, choices which affects environment or community have been accepted as moral behaviors. To sum up it should not be forgotten that in order to execute a successful treatment and rehabilitation process the resource which in need lays inside the individual.
References
Higgins A, Power C, and Kohlberg L. The relationship of moral judgment to judgments of responsibility. Gewirtz G, Kurtines W. (editors). Morality, moral development, and moral behavior: basic issues in theory and research, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1984: 74-106.
Power FC, Higgins A, Kohlberg L. Lawrence Kohlberg’s approach to moral education. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989.
Berkowitz MW, Guerra N, Nucci L. Sociomoral development and drug and alcohol abuse. Kurtines WM, Gewirtz JL. (editors). Handbook of moral behavior and development: Vol. 3. Application, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1991; 35-53
Berkowitz MW, Begun AL, Zweben A, et al. Assessing how adolescents think about the morality of substance use. Drugs Society 1995; 8: 111–124.
Erikson EH. Childhood and society. New York: Norton, 1950.
Hill JP, Holmbeck GN. Attachment and autonomy during adolescence. Ann Child Dev 1986; 3: 145– 189.
Windle M. A longitudinal study of antisocial behaviors in early adolescence as predictors of late adolescent substance use: gender and ethnic group differences. J Abnorm Psychol 1990; 99: 86–91.
Dryfoos JG. Adolescents at risk: a summation of work in the field: programs and policies. J Adolesc Health 1991; 12: 630–637.
Kohlberg L. Essays on moral development: Vol. 2. The psychology of moral development. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1984.
Kohlberg L, Candee D. The relation of moral judgment to moral action. Kurtinez W, Gewirtz J. (editors). Morality, moral behavior, and moral development. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1984; 52: 73
Kohlberg L. Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. Rand McNally, 1969.
Nucci L, Guerra N, Lee J. Adolescent judgment of the personal, prudential, and normative aspects of drug usage. Dev Psychol, 1991; 27: 841–848.
Szasz TS. The ethics of addiction. J Drug issues, 1972; 2(1): 42-49.
Blasi A. Bridging moral cognition and moral action: a critical review of the literature. Psychol Bull, 1980; 88: 1–45.
Einstein S. Intervention models for adaptation in a world of chemicals: A values approach. Int J Addict, 1985; 20: 795-802.
Vaillant GE, Milofsky ES. The etiology of alcoholism: A prospective viewpoint. Am Psychol, 1982; 37: 494-503.
Brook RC, Whitehead PC. Values of adolescent drug abusers. Int J Addict, 1983; 18: 1-8.
Jennings WS, Kilkenny R, Kohlberg L. Moral-development theory and practice for youthful offenders. Laufer W, Day J (editors). Personality theory, moral development, and criminal behavior Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983: 281-355
Alterman AR, Druley KA, Connolly R, Bush D. A comparison of moral reasoning in drug addicts and nonaddicts. J Clin Psychol, 1978; 34: 790-794.
Haan N, Stroud J, Holstein C. Moral and ego stages in relationship to ego processes: A study of "hippies". J Pers, 1973; 41: 596-612
Kuther TL, Higgins-D'Alessandro ANN. Bridging the gap between moral reasoning and adolescent engagement in risky behavior. J Adolesc, 2000; 23(4): 409-422.
Vaughn L. Doing Ethics: Moral Reasoning and Contemporary Issues. 4.Baskı, New York: WW Norton & Company, 2015: 350-379
Horney K. Neurosis and Human Growth. London: Routledge. 1951.
May R. Freedom and Destiny. New York, NY: Basic Books. 1981.
Rogers CR. On Becoming a Person: A Therapist’s View of Psychotherapy. London: Constable, 1961.
Yalom ID. Existential Psychotherapy. New York, NY: Basic Books, 1980.
Robinson SR. Moral Reasoning and Authenticity in Paraprofessional and Professional and Recovering and Non-recovering Addiction Counselors. New Orleans: University of Holy Cross, School of Counseling Faculty, 2018.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Dependence