REWARD DEFİCİENCY SYNDROME
Keywords:
Reward deficiency syndrome, reward cascade, dependenceAbstract
Reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) has been described as a statement resulted in many behavioral disorders due to chemical imbalances in the brain’s reward system. This system has been incidentally discovered by Olds in 1950. Limbic system is the basis of that system. It is now known that RDS is associated with a variety of disorders occur in a wide area of the brain covering the important parts of the limbic-system as basal ganglia, including the mesolimbic regions of the brain; particularly NAC, the prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus and amygdala. The limbic system, the basis for the perception of pleasure, controls basic emotions and behaviors. İt is stated that many neurotransmitters, especially dopamine play a role in the pathogenesis of RDS. Furthermore, it also controls important behaviors including memory and learning, sexual behavior, motivation and nutrition. It is reported that RDS has neurobiological common paths and relation with alcohol addiction, substance abuse, smoking, compulsive overeating, obesity, attention deficit and hyperactivity, Tourette’s disorder, uncontrolled internet usage and pathological gambling. RDS-related information and studies discussed in the literature were evaluated in this article.
References
Noble EP. Polymorphisms of the D2 Dopamine Receptor Gene in Alcoholism, Cocaine and Nicotine Dependence and Obesity. Handbook of Psychiatric Genetics 1997; 331-351.
Blum K, Han D, Hauser M, et al. Neurogen-tic impairments of brain reward circuitry links to Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) as evidenced by Genetic Addiction Risk Score(GARS): A case study. IIOABJ 2013; 4: 4-9.
Comings DE, Blum K. Reward deficiency syndrome: genetic aspects of behavioral disorders. Prog Brain Res 2000; 126: 325-341.
Chen TJ, Blum K, Chen AL, et al. Neurogenetics and clinical evidence for the putative activation of the brain reward circuitry by a neuroadaptagen: proposing an addiction candidate gene panel map. J Psychoactive Drugs 2011; 43: 108-127.
Schultz W. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J Neurophysiol 1998; 80: 1-27.
Hahn T, Heinzel S, Dresler T, et al. Association between reward-related activation in the ventral striatum and trait reward sensitivity is moderated by dopamine transporter genotype. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 32: 1557-1565.
T. Suhara, F. Yasuno, Y. Sudo, et al. Dopamine D2 receptors in the insular cortex and the personality trait of novelty seeking. Neuroimage 2001; 13: 891-895.
Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Tomasi D, Baler RD. Obesity and addiction: neurobiological overlaps. Obes Rev 2013; 14: 2-18.
Noble EP. D2 dopamine receptor gene in psychiatric and neurologic disorders and its phenotypes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003; 116: 103-125.
Schellekens AF, Franke B, Ellenbroek B, et al. Reduced dopamine receptor sensitivity as an intermediate phenotype in alcohol dependence and the role of the COMT Val158Met and DRD2 Taq1A genotypes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012; 69: 339-348.
Blum K, Braverman ER, Holder JM, et al. Reward deficiency syndrome: a biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors. J Psychoactive Drugs 2000; 32: 1-112.
Bowirrat A, Oscar-Berman M. Relationship between dopaminergic neurotransmission, alcoholism, and reward deficiency syndrome. Am J Med Genet 2005; 132B: 29-37.
Eisenberg DT, Campbell B, Mackillop J, et al. Season of birth and dopamine receptor gene associations with impulsivity, sensation seeking and reproductive behaviors. PLoS One 2007; 2: 12-16.
Blum K, Braverman ER, Holder JM, et al. Reward deficiency syndrome: a biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors. J Psychoactive Drugs 2000; 1-112.
Blum K, Braverman ER. Reward deficiency syndrome: A biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors. J. Psychoactive Drugs 2003; 32: 1-112.
Koob FG, Bloom FE. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence. Science 1988; 242: 715-723.
Koob FG. Drugs of abuse: anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1992; 13: 177-184.
Comings DE, Blum K. Reward deficiency syndrome: genetic aspects of behavioral disorders. Prog Brain Res 2000; 126: 325-341.
Borg V, Weinholdt T. Bromocriptine in the treatment of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1982; 65: 101-110.
Parale MP, Kulkarni SK. Studies with a-2 adrenoceptor agonists and alcohol abstinence syndrome in rats. Psychopharmacology 1986; 88: 237-239.
Hall FS, Sora I, Uhl GR. Ethanol consumption and reward are decreased in mu-opiate receptor knockout mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001; 154: 43-49.
Cheer JF, Wassum KM, Heien ML, et al. Cannabinoids enhance subsecond dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of awake rats. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 4393-4400.
O’Brien CP. Drug addiction and abuse. In: Hardman, J.G., Limbird, L.E., Molinoff, P.B., Rud-don, R.W., Gilman, A.G. (Ed.) Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, New York, McGraw-Hill 1996; 557-577.
Castaneda E, Moss DE, Oddie SD, Whishaw IQ. THC does not affect striatal dopamine re-lase: microdialysis in freely moving rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1991; 40: 587-591.
Szabo B, Siemes S, Wallmichrath I. Inhibition of GABAergic neurotransmission in the ventral tegmental area by cannabinoids. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 15: 2057-2061.
Blum K, Cull JG, Braverman ER, Comings DE. Reward deficiency syndrome. Am Sci 1996; 84: 132-145.
Uhl G, Blum K, Noble E, Smith S. Substance abuse vulnerability and D2 receptor genes. Trends Neurosci 1993; 16: 83-88.
Blum K, Noble EP, Sheridan PJ, et al. Allelic association of human dopamine D2 receptor gene in alcoholism. JAMA 1990; 263: 2055-2060.
Noble EP, Syndulko K, Fitch RJ, et al. D2 dopamine receptor TaqI A alleles in medically ill alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients. Alcohol Alcohol 1994; 29: 729-744.
Noble EP, Blum K, Ritchie T, et al. Allelic association of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with receptor-binding characteristics in alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 648-654.
Blomqvist O, Gelernter J, and Kranzler HR. Family-based study of DRD2 alleles in alcohol and drug dependence. American Journal of Medical Genetics 2000; 96: 659-664.
Smith SS, O’Hara BF, Persico AM, et al. Genetic vulnerability to drug abuse. The D2 dopamine receptor Taq I B1 restriction fragment length polymorphism appears more frequently in polysubstance abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 723-727.
Li D, Sham PC, Owen MJ, He L. Meta-anal-ysis shows significant association between dopamine system genes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15: 2276-84.
Mill J, Caspi A, Williams BS, et al. Prediction of heterogeneity in intelligence and adult prognosis by genetic polymorphisms in the dopamine system among children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: evidence from 2 birth cohorts. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63: 462-9.
Jain N, Kemp N, Adeyemo O ve ark. Anxiolytic activity of adenosine receptor activation in mice. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 116: 2127-2133.
Saatcioglu Ö, Erim R, Çakmak D. A case of tianeptine abuse: a case report. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2006; 17: 72-75.
Barr CL, Kidd KK. Population frequencies of the A1 allele at the dopamine D2 receptor locus. Biol Psychiatry 1993; 34: 204-209.
Gardner EL. Addiction and brain reward and antireward pathways. Adv Psychosom Med 2011; 30: 22-60.
Blum K, Chen AL, Giordano J, et al. The addictive brain: all roads lead to dopamine. J Psychoactive Drugs 2012; 44: 134-143.
Leshner A.I. Addiction is a brain disease, and it matters. Science 1997; 45: 278.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Dependence
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
...